托福测验真题详解

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托福测验真题详解

　　半夜灯火五更鸡，恰是男儿念书时。黑发不知好学早，白首方悔念书迟。以下是小编为大师搜刮清算的托福测验真题详解，但愿对大师有所赞助！

托福测验真题详解

　　托福测验真题详解 1

　　In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, sincethere is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisionstheater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologistsmay be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomesaware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having littleunderstanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences tosupernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and theresult it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies,or rituals.

　　Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths includerepresentatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence.Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters orsupernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes moresophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. Asa result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around therites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted outunder conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been takentoward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic valuesmay gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

　　Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theoryabout how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative.Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures.Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through thenarrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumedby a different person.

　　A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic,rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for theperformer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities intofully realized theatrical performances.

　　In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorizedabout the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was itvalued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theoriesabout the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth centuryB.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, andactions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggeststhat humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into moresatisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which dramais one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfilltheir hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define andunderstand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

　　But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to anautonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary conditionseems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as seriousthreats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to thedevelopment of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being andabandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths thathad grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for theirreligious usefulness.

　　Paragraph 1:　In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily onspeculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widelyaccepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived bythese anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, asociety becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable andundesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to winthe favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actionsperformed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizesthose actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

　　1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Changed

　　○Debated

　　○Created

　　○Supported

　　2. The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Ascribes

　　○Leaves

　　○Limits

　　○Contrasts

　　3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

　　○Are mainly hypothetical

　　○Are well supported by factual evidence

　　○Have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

　　○Were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

　　4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

　　○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society

　　○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply

　　○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies

　　○To increase the society’s prosperity

　　Paragraph 2:Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths includerepresentatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence.Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters orsupernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes moresophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. Asa result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around therites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted outunder conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been takentoward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic valuesmay gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

　　5. The word “this” in the passage refers to

　　○The acting out of rites

　　○The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society

　　○The separation of myths from rites

　　○The celebration of supernatural forces

　　6. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Artistic

　　○Important

　　○Independent

　　○Established

　　7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

　　○Emphasizing theater as entertainment

　　○Developing a new understanding of why events occur.

　　○Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters

　　○Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition

　　Paragraph 5:In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have alsotheorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, andwhy was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on thetheories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in thefourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitatingpersons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentiethcentury, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshapereality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction(of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confrontthem, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby peopledefine and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

　　8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to developtheater EXCEPT:

　　○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

　　○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

　　○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

　　○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

　　9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?

　　○The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.

　　○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.

　　○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.

　　○The author points out problems with two popular theories.

　　Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itselfleads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. Onenecessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example,one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requiressufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to thedevelopment of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being andabandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths thathad grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for theirreligious usefulness.

　　10.The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Compromise

　　○Inclination

　　○Tradition

　　○Respect

　　11.Why does the author mention “comedy”?

　　○To give an example of early types of theater

　　○To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare

　　○To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater

　　○To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.

　　12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.

　　○A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admiredfor artistic qualities.

　　○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandonit from the oral tradition.

　　○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to beseen as useful for social well-being.

　　○Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even afterthey were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

　　Paragraph 3:Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means theonly theory about how the theater came into being.Storytelling has been proposed as onealternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamentalhuman pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaboratedthrough the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each rolebeing assumed by a different person.

　　13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.

　　To enhance their listener’s enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stores moreengaging and memorable.

　　Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

　　14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is providedbelow. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.

　　Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theateroriginated.

　　Answer choices

　　○The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because earlystory tellers traveled to different groups to tell their stores.

　　○Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve socialwell-being.

　　○The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirableoccurrences through ritualized theater.

　　○Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders togroup leaders govern other members of society.

　　○Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and movingrhythmically.

　　○The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons whysocieties develop theater.

　　参考译文

　　戏剧的发源

　　因为几近不详细资料可供研讨，探访戏剧的发源只能凭猜测。19世纪末20世纪初为人类学家们所拥戴的一种实际取得了众人的普遍认同;这类概念以为戏剧发源于神话和宗教典礼，这些人类学家们推论进程可扼要归纳综合以下：在社会成长初期，人们信任有股气力能够或许或许影响乃至操控他们的食品供给和幸运糊口。在对天然缘由并不很是领会的情况下，他们把但愿或不惜但愿产生的工作都归罪于超天然的或魔幻的气力，并且试图寻觅各类路子博得这些气力的厚爱。当他们熟习到自身的某些行动和期许的成果之间存在较着的接洽今后，人们便起头反复并且完美这些行动，终究构成牢固的典礼或宗教典礼。

　　故事(神话)在这类典礼中成长起来，这些故事中常常会有典礼庆贺或希冀影响的超天然气力的典范。在这类典礼或陪同的庆典中，扮演者们能够或许或许会穿上戏装和面具来扮演奥秘的脚色或超天然气力。当人们熟习事物的才能进一步增强的时辰，他们对超天然气力和与其激发的事务间因果干系的熟习就产生了转变;因而，他们会丢弃或点窜某些典礼。不过在这些典礼中成长起来的神话故事持续在人们的行动传播，乃至能够或许或许离开了典礼而被归纳着。这时候侯，戏剧作为一种自觉的勾当迈出了自身的第一步，接着，戏剧的文娱和审美代价起头垂垂代替先前的带有神话色采的、在社会上灵验的存眷。

　　固然戏剧发源于宗教典礼的说法是今朝最被公共承认的，但不管若何这都不是戏剧发源的独一实际;别的一种猜测以为戏剧源于平话。在这个实际中，与故事产生接洽和凝听故事被视为是人类根基的兴趣。是以，报告人经由进程自身的手势和仿照把对一个事务的回想(一次狩猎、战争或是别的功劳伟业)表现的极尽描摹，这类体例终究演化成为由差别的人来归纳差别的脚色。

　　别的一种与之相干的实际以为，戏剧首要是从无声的、有节拍的跳舞、体操，或仿照植物声响的进程逐步演化而来。人们对扮演者的演技、审美才能和文雅的赏识被视为是扮演者将他们的扮演经心筹谋为戏剧的能源。

　　为了进一步探访戏剧的发源，一些学派起头从人类成长戏剧的念头上成立实际。为甚么戏剧会成长，为甚么在戏剧完整离开宗教典礼今后另有这么大的代价?大局部谜底都回到那些对于人类心智和人类根基须要的实际中。起首，亚里士多德在公元前4世纪提出，人们生成好仿照，并从仿照别人、事物和举措和旁观仿照中取得兴趣。别的，20世纪提出的进步前辈实际以为人类善于空想，经由进程空想将平常糊口中的实际重塑成加倍使人对劲的情势。是以，人们经由进程空想或假造(戏剧的一个情势)把他们的焦炙和惊骇详细化，再经由进程这类体例面临焦炙和惊骇，并从假造中知足他们实际中没法实现的欲望。以是，戏剧成了一种赞助人们熟习和懂得这个天下，或是赞助人们回避不满实际的东西。

　　可是，不管是人类仿照的天性或是对空想的癖好自身都不能成长成为自力的戏剧，是以，咱们须要更多诠释。一个须要的'前提能够或许或许是一种要离开凡是人们对待标题问题的视角。比方，这个前提的一个标记是笑剧构想的显现，因为笑剧请求充足的发散思惟，咱们须要将社会规范中的大逆不道的行动视作极为荒诞的工作，而不是对公众群体福利的严峻要挟。别的一个致使戏剧自力的前提是审美感受的显现。比方，一些初期社会的人们以为有的典礼对他们的幸运糊口来讲不再是必需品，并且打消了那些典礼。固然如斯，人们仍是保留了那些行动传述故事的传统并且酷爱从这些典礼里成长起来的神话，出于它们的艺术性，而不是宗教缘由。

　　托福测验真题详解 2

　　Task1:

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should be allowed to take additional courses in their spare time to graduate as soon as possible.

　　Task2:

　　一名商学院的先生提出了一项发起，即商学院应当请求一切主修商科的先生必须实现一个暑期操练。

　　Task3:

　　Sandwich Strategy夹心战略是一种贸易合作战略，凡是由市场上的老牌企业接纳，以应答新进入者的价钱合作。当新企业以更低的价钱供给近似的产物或办事时，老牌企业能够或许或许会感应压力，担忧落空市场份额和客户。

　　Task4:

　　Discrete and Continuous Signals 团圆旌旗灯号和持续旌旗灯号是植物交换的两种根基体例：

　　1.团圆旌旗灯号是简略的、规范化的交换情势，用于通报明白且分歧的信息。这类旌旗灯号凡是在同种植物之间利用，以确保信息的精确通报。团圆旌旗灯号的一个特色是它们的表现情势老是不异的，这有助于植物敏捷辨认并作出反映。

　　2.持续旌旗灯号则加倍庞杂，它们能够或许或许转达更丰硕的'信息，包含感情、企图和情况状况等。持续旌旗灯号的一个首要特色是它们的强度或品质能够或许或许按照情况的严峻性或告急水平而变更。这类旌旗灯号的矫捷性使得植物能够或许或许更邃密地抒发自身的状况或须要。

　　托福测验真题详解 3

　　Task1:

　　Some people like to read certain books more than once. Others prefer to always read something they have never read before. Which do you usually prefer? Explain why, using details and examples.

　　Task2:

　　一名先生倡议黉舍利用比来收到的资金来重建黉舍的钟楼(bells)。她以为钟楼是黉舍的意味，并且钟楼的钟声能够或许或许提示先生时辰。

　　Task3:

　　Illusion of Truth实在性幻觉，是一种认知误差，指的是人们偏向于信任他们能够或许或许精确判定领受到的信息是真是假，但常常并非如斯。研讨发明，当一样的信息屡次显现给人们时，他们更有能够或许或许接管这些信息为实在。这类景象产生的缘由是因为熟习的信息比不熟习的信息更轻易处置。信息处置的便利性能够或许或许致使人们毛病地信任信息是实在的，仅仅因为他们之前碰到过。

　　Task4:

　　Aquatic Birds水鸟,是指那些大局部糊口在水中或水域四周的`鸟类，它们顺应了水生情况，并成长出了一些特别的心理和行动特点以顺应这类糊口体例。

　　1.Auk(海雀)：海雀是一种善于潜水的海鸟，它们具备松散的身材和顺应深水捕食的同党。海雀的羽毛很是防水，它们能够或许或许敏捷潜入水中寻觅鱼类和其余海洋生物作为食品。

　　2.Grebe(鸊鷉)：鸊鷉是一种小型的水鸟，以其文雅的水上跳舞和怪异的求偶行动而著名。鸊鷉的脚位于身材后部，这使得它们在水中泅水时加倍高效，但它们在海洋下行走时却显得愚笨。鸊鷉凡是在水面下捕食小鱼和水生虫豸。

　　托福测验真题详解 4

　　Task1:

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to teach children how to behave is to praise their good behavior rather than to criticize their bad behavior.

　　Task2:

　　黉舍提出了实行假造校园旅游的政策。这项政策许可先生在校园网站上停止假造旅游，从而领会黉舍情况和周边举措措施。

　　Task3:

　　古特有物种(Paleoendemic Species)是指那些曾在更广漠的地舆规模内糊口，但跟着时辰的推移，因为地舆或情况变更，此刻仅在特定地域或岛屿上发明的物种。这些物种凡是具备怪异的退化汗青，它们的散布规模因汗青上的`大陆割裂或生态变更而受限。

　　Task4:

　　跟着汽车数目的增加，美国都会在地盘利用和修建设想方面履历的两个首要变更：

　　1. 地盘利用体例的影响

　　2. 修建设想体例的影响

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