2017年雅思浏览摹拟试题及谜底

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　　THE GAP of INGENUITY 2

　　Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technologies like computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of ideas for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and competent governments.

　　How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it must achieve those goals——whether it has a young population or an aging one, an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a punishing one, whatever the case may be.

　　How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on many factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the rewards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.

　　A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, depends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availability of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. Similarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, or at least the containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the stock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuity. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economic and political processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.

　　The past century’s countless incremental changes in our societies around the planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natural environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because these changes have accumulated slowly, It’s often hard for us to recognize how profound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser populations; much higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and especially information.

　　In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity, and pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, such as political special interests and ethnic factions.

　　As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business leaders to all of us in our day-to-day——must cope with much more complex, urgent, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.

　　When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planet's network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate and the oceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't predict or manage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are often very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavior can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and as our demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need for ingenuity.

　　The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our societies and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization of human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and transportation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn, vastly accelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.

　　But—and this is the critical "but"——we should not jump to the conclusion that the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity requirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, we can't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we need it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital economic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work. They remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes it hard to supply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these systems.

　　In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our ability to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but the story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.

　　Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance depends on the characteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some phenomena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of useful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is often a critical time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delivery of sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem. Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don't yet understand; but we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build the sophisticated institutions today’s world demands.

　　Questions:

　　Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or D

　　Write the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

　　27 The definition of ingenuity

　　28 The requirement for ingenuity

　　29 The creation of social wealth

　　30 The stability of society

　　A depends on many factors including climate.

　　B depends on the management and solution of disputes.

　　C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovation.

　　D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.

　　Question 31-33

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.

　　31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 years?

　　A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.

　　B Its significance is often not noticed.

　　C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.

　　D It benefited a much larger population than ever.

　　32 The combination of changes has made life.

　　A easier

　　B faster

　　C slower

　　D less sophisticated

　　33 What does the author say about the natural systems?

　　A New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.

　　B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.

　　C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.

　　D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of natural systems.

　　Question 34-40

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

　　In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement is true

　　NO if the statement is false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.

　　35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.

　　36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.

　　37 More information will help us to make better decisions.

　　38 The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.

　　39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.

　　40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural science.

　　篇章布局

　　文体：论述文

　　标题题目：立异的空缺2

　　布局：(一句话归纳综合每段粗心)

　　A段:立异的界说

　　B段:一个社会须要几多缔造及哪一种缔造，取决于多种身分

　　C段:一个社会能供给几多或何种缔造，一样取决于多种身分

　　D段:充沛优良的缔造很是主要，可是还不够

　　E段:这些年来发生了良多严重转变，可是全部转变历程比拟慢，人们能够没熟悉到它们有多主要

　　F段:转变令人们之间的互动变得多了，压力变得大了，环境被粉碎了

　　G段:号令人们做出精准的决定

　　H段:节制保存系统的轨制和科技加强对创意的须要

　　I段:社会与科技的变加倍快了创意时期的束缚思惟

　　J段:对经济、社会、生态系统的未知令人们很难缔造充沛的创意处置题目

　　K段:新世纪中限定人们设想创意才能的各类身分

　　L段:古代市场和迷信是创意设想的主要构成成份

　　参考译文：

　　立异历程的空缺

　　缔造，就像笔者在这里界说的一样，不只仅指那些对计较机、抗早作物之类的新科技的构思，更主要的是指那些对优化轨制和社会支配的思惟，比方高效市场、法定 当局等。

　　一个社会须要几多缔造及哪一种缔造，取决于多种身分，包含社会方针和告竣这些社会方针时所处的社会环境逐一不管它是年青型社会仍是老龄化社会：是天然物质丰硕或是物质匮乏;是天气恼人或天气卑劣。

　　一个社会能供给几多或何种缔造，一样取决于浩繁身分，比方人类缔造和懂得的天性、 有用常识的制作者所取得的经济报答、和社会轨制鼎新的政治否决派的气力等。

　　充沛优良的缔造很是主要，固然这还不够。比方，咱们晓得财产的缔造不只取决于充沛 的、有代价的创意，还须要更多其余传统出产身分，如本钱和休息力。一样，繁华、不变、公道凡是取决于对财产和权利的严重政治奋斗的抉择,或最少是针对它们的停止政策。可是今朝，咱们的经济创意经常将休息力架空在外，跟着创意的增添，机械装备实体凡是也随之增添。在现有的政治系统中，咱们须要更多的创意来扶植社会轨制,从而胜利地管控财产和权利奋斗。很较着，咱们的经济政治历程正慎密地与这些创意产品 连系在一路。

　　曩昔的一个世纪中，在咱们的全部社会规模、科技范畴和咱们与四周天然环境的互动中发生的成千上万并不时增添的变更，己经堆集到了足以缔造一个高品德的新天下。因为这些变更是渐渐堆集起来的，以是咱们凡是很难熟悉到它们所影响的深度与广度。这些变更涉及了更普遍、更麋集的人群，它们使得人均天然资本耗损变得更高，并供给了更有用、更普遍的交通运输手艺，特别是信息传布手艺。

　　总的来讲，这些变更已大大增添了咱们相互互动的深度、强度和速度：但也明显增添 了人类对天然环境形成的承担;同时也促令人类社会将权利从国度和国际构造转移到 小我和群体构造中，比方特别政治好处和民族家数。

　　是以，来自差别范畴的人们——从政治经济魁首到咱们平常糊口中的通俗人——必须 应答加倍庞杂、紧急、乃至不可预感的社会环境。咱们须要大批的、不时增添的社会和 手艺立异来处置咱们与新天下的干系。当人类尽力坚持或加强社会繁华、前进糊口品质时，咱们必须在比以往更短的时辰内做出更切确的决议计划。

　　从汽车到举世金融收集，咱们再晋升任何一个系统的效力时，城市不禁自立地把它庞杂化。人类赖以保存的天然环境系统凡是也是相称庞杂的，比方环球天气和陆地。因为这些庞杂系统对细小扰动极为敏感，系统表现能够从一种形式急剧切换到另外一种形式，以是人类很难切确展望它们的各类变更。凡是，当咱们赖以保存的天然系统和天然系统愈来愈庞杂时，当咱们对这些保存系统的请求愈来愈多时，咱们用来节制这些系统的轨制和科技也会愈来愈庞杂，而这则会进一步加强咱们对创意的须要。

　　好动静是，在社会与手艺发生复杂变更的上个世纪中，咱们不进增添了对创意的须要， 也缔造出了大批的创意.跟着生齿的增添、城市化历程的加快，新的通信和物流手艺也敏捷增添，这大大拓展了人与人之间的交换，并催生了更普遍、更综合、更高效的市场： 反过去，这些变更在很大水平上也加快了这个创意时期的思潮束缚。

　　可是——用批评的目光来看——咱们不能间接得出论断述，咱们的创意能一向跟上须要的脚步：固然说须要是缔造之母，但咱们不能总期望在咱们有须要的时辰，刚好就有响应的缔造发生。明天，在很多环境中，经济、社会、生态系统运行的庞杂性和速度， 都远远超越了人类大脑的应变规模。大局部人对这些系统的运行道理都知之甚少，人们依然布满了不可胜数的“未知的未知”，这些未知使得人们很难缔造出充沛的创意来处置糊口系统中的各类题目。

　　本书中，笔者研讨阐发了那些能够在新世纪中限定咱们设想创意才能的各类身分。比方，很多人以为新的信息手艺加强了社会民主性,并使得人们处置社会群体事务变得更轻易，但现实仿佛并非如斯.平常糊口中的信息堵塞反而分离了咱们的注重力，削减了 人们对公共政治等主要事务的思虑时辰，并使得政治概念加倍外表化。

　　古代市场和迷信是咱们创意设想的主要构成局部。市场的主要性在于，它为企业家缔造 常识供给了经济能源。对迷信来讲，虽然仿佛没甚么实际限定，但在实际关键上的限定会减缓迷信的完成历程，最少在此后一段时辰内城市如斯。跟着迷信研讨的深切， 其本钱也在逐步回升。同时，迷信的前进速度取决于人们研讨的天然景象的特点，有些景象或范畴便是比其余的景象或范畴难,以是这些范畴中的常识前进会很是迟缓。是以，在人们发明题目到供给处置题目的创意或手艺之间，凡是会有一段很长的滞后期。因为某些未知的缘由，社会迷信的前进特别迟缓：但咱们火急须要更好的社会迷信实际，以 成立起合适古代天下须要的复杂轨制系统。