2017年雅思测验浏览懂得逐日一练

　　If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn’t lead anywhere.以下是小编为大师搜刮清算的2017年雅思测验浏览懂得逐日一练，但愿能给大师带来援助!更多出色内容请实时存眷咱们应届毕业生测验网!

　　Lighting Up The Lies

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

　　Last year Sean A. Spence, a professor at the school of medicine at the University of Sheffield in England, performed brain scans that showed that a woman convicted of poisoning a child in her care appeared to be telling the truth when she denied committing the crime. This deception study, along with two others performed by the Sheffield group, was funded by Quickfire Media, a television production company working for the U.K.'s Channel 4, which broadcast videos of the researchers at work as part of a three-part series called "Lie Lab." The brain study of the woman later appeared in the journal European Psychiatry.

　　Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) purports to detect mendacity by seeing inside the brain instead of tracking peripheral measures of anxiety—such as changes in pulse, blood pressure or respiration —measured by a polygraph. Besides drawing hundreds of thousands of viewers, fMRI has pulled in entrepreneurs. Two companies—Cephos in Pepperell, Mass., and No Lie MRI in Tarzana, Calif.—claim to predict with 90 percent or greater certitude whether you are telling the truth. No Lie MRI, whose name evokes the casual familiarity of a walk-in dental clinic in a strip mall, suggests that the technique may even be used for “risk reduction in dating”.

　　Many neuroscientists and legal scholars doubt such claims—and some even question whether brain scans for lie detection will ever be ready for anything but more research on the nature of deception and the brain. An fMRI machine tracks blood flow to activated brain areas. The assumption in lie detection is that the brain must exert extra effort when telling a lie and that the regions that do more work get more blood. Such areas light up in scans; during the lie studies, the illuminated regions are primarily involved in decision making.

　　To assess how fMRI and other neuroscience findings affect the law, the Mac-Arthur Foundation put up $10 million last year to pilot for three years the Law and Neuroscience Project. Part of the funding will attempt to set criteria for accurate and reliable lie detection using fMRI and other brain-scanning technology. “I think it's not possible, given the current technology, to trust the results,” says Marcus Raichle, a neuroscientist at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis who heads the project's study group on lie detection. “But it’s not impossible to set up a research program to determine whether that’s possible.” A major review article last year in the American Journal of Law and Medicine by Henry T. Greely of Stanford University and Judy Illes, now at the University of British Columbia, explores the deficiencies of existing research and what may be needed to move the technology forward. The two scholars found that lie detection studies conducted so far (still less than 20 in all) failed to prove that fMRI is “effective as a lie detector in the real world at any accuracy level.”

　　Most studies examined groups, not individuals. Subjects in these studies were healthy young adults—making it unclear how the results would apply to someone who takes a drug that affects blood pressure or has a blockage in an artery. And the two researchers questioned the specificity of the lit-up areas; they noted that the regions also correlate with a wide range of cognitive behaviors, including memory, self- monitoring and conscious self-awareness.

　　The biggest challenge for which the Law and Neuroscience Project is already funding new research—is how to diminish the artificiality of the test protocol. Lying about whether a playing card is the seven of spades may not activate the same areas of the cortex as answering a question about whether you robbed the corner store. In fact, the most realistic studies to date may have come from the Lie Lab television programs. The two companies marketing the technology are not waiting for more data. Cephos is offering scans without charge to people who claim they were falsely accused if they meet certain criteria in an effort to get scans accepted by the courts. Allowing scans as legal evidence could open a potentially huge and lucrative market. “We may have to take many shots on goal before we actually see a courtroom.” says Cephos chief executive Steven Laken. He asserts that the technology has achieved 97 percent accuracy and that the more than 100 people scanned using the Cephos protocol have provided data that have resolved many of the issues that Greely and Illes cited.

　　But until formal clinical trials prove that the machines meet safety and effectiveness criteria, Greely and Illes have called for a ban on non-research uses. Trials envisaged for regulatory approval hint at the technical challenges. Actors, professional poker players and sociopaths would be compared against average Joes. The devout would go in the scanner after nonbelievers. Testing would take into account social setting. White lies—“no, dinner really was fantastic”—would have to be compared against untruths about sexual peccadilloes to ensure that the brain reacts identically.

　　There potential for abuse prompts caution. “The danger is that people’s lives can be changed in bad ways because of mistakes in the technology,” Greely says. “The danger for the science is that it gets a black eye because of this very high profile use of neuroimaging that goes wrong.” Considering the long and controversial history of the polygraph, gradualism may be the wisest course to follow for a new diagnostic that probes an essential quality governing social interaction.

　　Question 1-7

　　Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

　　NB you may use any letter more than once

　　A Henry T. Greely &Judy Illes

　　B Steven Laken

　　C Henry T. Greely

　　D Marcus Raichle

　　1 The possibility hidden in a mission impossible

　　2 The uncertain effectiveness of functional magnetic resonance imaging for detecting lies

　　3 The hazard lying behind the technology as a lie detector

　　4 The limited fields for the use of lie detection technology

　　5 Several successful cases of applying the results from the lie detection technology

　　6 Cons of the current research related to lie-detector tests

　　7 There should be some requested work to improve the techniques regarding lie detection

　　Question 8-10

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement is true

　　FALSE if the statement is false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　8 The lie detection for a convicted woman was first conducted by researchers in Europe.

　　9 The legitimization of using scans in the court might mean a promising and profitable business.

　　10 There is always something wrong with neuroimaging.

　　Question 11-13

　　Summary

　　Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

　　It is claimed that functional magnetic resonance imaging can check lies by observing the internal part of the brain rather than following up 11 to evaluate the anxiety as 12 does. Audiences as well as 13 are fascinated by this amazing lie-detection technology.

　　参考译文：

　　客岁，英国谢菲尔德大学医学院传授Sean A. Spence 在对一名将自身赐顾帮衬的孩子毒死的妇女的大脑停止扫描时发明，这位被科罪的妇女在否定自身的犯法实际时，看起来像是在说真话。这项对于棍骗的研讨，连同别的两个由谢菲尔德小组带领的研讨是由Quickfire Media援助的，Quickfire Media是一家电视节目建造公司，播出频道为英国的第4频道，该频道播放这些研讨职员在任务时的视频，组成一个由三局部组成的系列节目的一局部，该系列叫做“假话测验测验室”。对该妇女大脑的研讨以后呈现在欧洲精力病学杂志上。

　　功效磁共振成像仪(fMRI)宣称能经由过程看到大脑的外部来停止测谎，而不是经由过程追踪焦炙的内在表现:如经由过程测谎仪测出的脉搏，血压或呼吸的变更，功效磁共振成像手艺除吸收成千盈百的观众外，还吸收着企业家的眼光。两家公司——马萨诸塞州Pepperell市的 Cephos 公司和加利福尼亚州Tarzana市的No Lie MRI 公司宣称对人们是不是在说真话的展望的精确率可以或许到达90%乃至更高。No Lie MRI 这家公司的名字自身就会让人想起一个熟习的情形——就像走进一家位于贸易区的牙科诊所，标明该手艺乃至可以或许被 用于“下降约会的风险。”

　　良多神经迷信家和法令学者却思疑此说法，有的乃至质疑对假话的探测而停止大脑扫描测谎是不是真的有用，仍是只是一些对假话的性子和大脑所做的更多的研讨罢了。功效磁共振成像仪追踪到达大脑激活区的血流的行迹。测谎面前的假定是，当大脑在扯谎时，它须要额定的运作并且担任这些额定运作的大脑地区须要更多的血液供应，而这些地区在被扫描时就会亮起，在对假话停止研讨时，这些被照亮的地区便是首要到场决议计划的地区。

　　为了评价功效磁共振成像仪和其余神经迷信的发明若何影响法令，麦克阿瑟基金客岁出资1,000万元来帮助一个将耗时三年的“法令和神经迷信名目”。局部资金将会用来测验测验设置利用功效磁共振成像仪和别的脑部扫描手艺来停止测谎的精确性和靠得住性的规范。华盛顿大学圣路易斯医学院担任该名目测谎研讨小组的神经学家 Marcus Raichle 以为“在现有的手艺条件下，很难完整信任测谎的成果，可是成立一个名目以肯定测谎成果的可以或许性这项发起是可行的。”斯坦福大学的 Henry T. Greely 和英国哥伦比亚大学的 Judy Illes 在客岁颁发在美国《法令与医学杂志》上的一篇批评文章中切磋了现行研讨的缺乏的地方和为了推动手艺前进可以或许须要改良的地方。两位学者发明，迄今为止停止的测谎研讨(总数仍低于20)还不能证实磁共振成像仪作为测谎仪在实际天下中的任何的精度水平上都是有用的。

　　大大都的研讨都因此集体而不因此小我为工具。这些研讨的工具是安康的年青成年人——以是不清晰若是工具变成由于服用了药物而影响了血压或是致使动脉梗塞的人时，这些研讨成果是不是还合用。两位研讨职员质疑了这些发亮的地区，他们指出，该地区也和一系列认知行动具备相干性，包含影象，自我检测和自我认识。

　　最大的挑衅——同时也是“法令和神经枓学名目”为其帮助了新的研讨名目——是若何削减测试和谈的报酬干涉干与水平。对于一张扑克牌是不是是黑桃7的假话可以或许没法激活与回覆你是不是掳掠了街角的一家商铺时的大脑皮质的统一地区。实际上，迄今为止最实际的研讨，有可以或许是来自“假话测验测验室”这个电视节目。两家运营如许手艺的公司不是再期待更多的数据。Cephos公司供给的收费的扫描是针对一些合适特定规范由法院准予的宣称自身是无罪的人。许可对大脑的扫描作为法令证据可以或许会翻开一个潜伏的庞大和利润丰富的市场。Cephos公司的首席履行官Steven Laken说道“在上法庭之前，可以或许须要停止多少的测试”。他宣称该手艺已到达97%的精确率，并且有跨越100个利用Cephos公司扫描的人已经由过程取得数据处理了良多Greely and Illes提到过的题目。

　　可是，Greely 和 Illes的号令在正式的临床实验证实该仪器可以或许知足宁静性和有用性的规范前，该仪器不可用在非研讨范畴。要面临羁系部分的核准的实验要面临手艺上的挑衅。演员，专业扑克玩家和反社会的人会和通俗人停止比拟。虔敬的人会跟在思疑论者的前面接管扫描。测试将须要斟酌到社会情况。好心的假话——“不，晚饭真是太棒了”——将会和有关性不对如许的假话停止比对，以保障大脑对差别的假话有不异的反映。

　　人们要谨慎这项手艺被滥用的风险。Greely 以为“风险在于人们的糊口可以或许会由于手艺中的毛病往不好的标的目的转变。迷信的风险的地方在于它有良多未知性，由于它很大水平上利用了毛病的神经影象学。”鉴于冗长且有争议的测谎仪的汗青，按部就班可以或许是最理智的挑选，来利用它作为一个新的诊断手腕来检测社会管理的品质。

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