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2017年英语专八浏览测验指点试题及谜底剖析
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Equality of Opportunity
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy’ read ‘meritocracy’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.
In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as classless society.
[D] Nature can’t give you a classless society.
2. According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.
[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
[C] Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D] People have the freedom how to educate their children.
3. Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D] Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.
4. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B] Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
[C] People are free to choose the way of educating their children.
[D] Wealth is used for political ends.
5. According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.
谜底详解：
1. A 二十世纪同等的机缘并不捣毁阶层。文章一起头就对无阶层社会的论点停止了辩驳：有人以为君主全体已完整捣毁，幸存上去的王公贵族已被剥夺了统统政治权利，担当的财产为税收大幅度的增添，到时辰，庞大的财产将消逝殆尽，在很多国度中，已周全胜利，国民停止统治，庞大的承平乱世已成为政治显现。作者以为：深切查抄证明这一断言不实。第二段提出了即便大家都获一样的受教导的机缘，可儿的天然伶俐和才能与同等准绳有关，适者保存，强权即正义仍然存在。教导的提高捣毁了老的阶层体系体例，却缔造新的，人为是机缘本领成绩。贵族统治便是英才统治，可在其余方面，社会仍然，阶层确切存在。前面两段集合阐述了款项的感化。
B.款项象征着同等是毛病的。C.不存在无阶层社会。内容是对的，但不是本文的主题思惟。D.天然界不会付与你一个无阶层社会。
2. B 天然界在分赋人伶俐和才能是不会顾及同等。
A.适者保存的准绳存在。按照这一准绳无伶俐和才能者难以保存于社会。C.物资报偿是按照人的真正才能。D.人们有自在挑选若何教导本身的孩子。这三项都基于一点――人的伶俐和才能。有伶俐才能才能保存，才能获报偿，这已是差别等，即便获一样的受教导的机缘，也不能够革除差别等。
3. A 有钱的人。第三段一起头就点明：真实的才能、植物般机灵奸刁、技术、善抓机缘的窍门，这统统都带来物资报偿。有了钱的人重要作的任务便是给孩子最好教导机缘，而私家黉舍教导优于公立黉舍，人们又有自在挑选若何教导本身的孩子。在这个意思上，英才教导在某种水平上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有才能的孩子要比其对峙面取得胜利要快很多很多。
B.具备很高伶俐的人，若不钱是难以胜利的。第三段的最初一句话也点明这一点，款项同畴前一样是强无力的兵器。文章最初一段即便在完整遵守社会同等准绳的社会里，制止特权的私家教导，人们也是按才能获人为。谨慎翼翼而又花费庞大地把伶俐的孩子培养成将来的统治者。C.具备最好机缘的人。D.是B和C的连系。
4. A款项决议统统。新的英才教导在必然水平上永存。不钱，上不起私立黉舍，谈不上机缘，更不必说英才教导。有了钱才能为孩子缔造机缘。
B.私立黉舍供给的优胜性高于公立黉舍。C.人们有自在挑选教导孩子的体例方式。D.财产用于政治目标。第三段最初三句话：“财产也能够不加辨别地用于更远的政治目标。不壮大的财务作后援，成为民主国度的元首几近是不能够。款项和曩昔一样是强无力的兵器，这也说了然款项的气力，决议统统。”
5. A 贫民和贫民。即便作者说起，一样的教导机缘也不能够革除差别等，由于上天付与人之伶俐是不能够斟酌同等准绳，但是作者也提到适者保存、强权即正义。贵族政治可读成英才教导。这已申明英才指的是贵族的英才。第四段进一步指出有钱的人起首要做的便是给后代一个杰出的教导机缘。而私立黉舍的教导品质优于公立黉舍。有钱人家的有才能的孩子胜利机缘就高。财产还可用于政治目标，要成为民主国度的魁首就得有薄弱的财力撑持。财帛和曩昔一样强无力。即便在以社会同等为准绳的社会中，私立黉舍被禁，人为还因此人的才能为准，大批须要有技术的任务职员，而低劣的人不人存眷。先天的孩子予以细心而又及其高贵的培养以成为将来的统治者。
总之，政治认识归纳为统一个工具――阶层分别存在，不管你是为封建帝王统治，仍是为受过教导的农人统治，从这里看，作者的class division指的是A项。
B.人们差别的机缘。C.榨取者和被榨取者。D.先天和笨蛋。
辞汇：
1. discredit 侵害，粉碎，松弛(或人的名声)，不可托
2. monarch 国王，女皇，君主政体
3. millennium 千年
the millennium 千僖年
4. bear out 证明
5. level out (升跌以后)呈安稳状况
6. meritocracy 英才办理，英才教导，强人统治
7. knack 技能，窍门
8. perpetuate 使永远，永存或延续
9. indiscriminate 不加辨别的，不加阐发的，肆意的
10. boil down 归纳为……
难句译注：
1. Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
【参考译文】深切摸索证明此断言不确。(也便是说承平乱世并不成为政治实际)。
2. might is right
谚语：强权即正义。
3. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world.
【布局简析】lip-service口惠而实不至。EX: He pays lip-service to feminism but his wife still does all the housework.他口口声声说撑持女权主义，但全数家务仍是他老婆的事。
【参考译文】咱们口口声声赞美同等思惟，咱们在东方天下中并不以为这一思惟事毛病的。
4. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated person.
【参考译文】终究，统统政治认识，都归纳为一件事：不管你是由封建国王统治仍是英才统治，阶层辨别仍然存在。
写作方式与文章粗心：
这是一篇对“无阶层社会和大家同等”论点的批驳文章。作者从四个方面停止阐述。1、先天的才能和伶俐与同等准绳有关。2、“适者保存，强权即正义”仍然存在。3、人取得的人为是取决于人的才能而不是同等。4、款项的感化，它不只能够培养有才能的人，仍是政治的后援。只要款项加才能是胜利的关头。以是所谓同等不存在，更不无阶层的社会。
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