最新雅思浏览测验难点晋升试题及谜底

　　You can't have a better tomorrow if you don't stop thinking about yesterday.以下是小编为大师搜刮清算的最新雅思浏览测验难点晋升试题及谜底，但愿能给大师带来赞助!更多出色内容请实时存眷咱们应届毕业生测验网!

　　Economic Evolution

　　A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.

　　B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.

　　C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.

　　D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.

　　E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.

　　F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.

　　Questions 1-5

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement is true

　　FALSE if the statement if false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.

　　No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.

　　Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.

　　Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.

　　Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.

　　Questions 6-8

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

　　6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?

　　A a strict rule

　　B a smart strategy

　　C a tightly managed authority

　　D a powerful legislation

　　7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics

　　A an official announcement

　　B a diplomatic event

　　C the exchange of goods

　　D certain written correspondence

　　E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation

　　Questions 9-13

　　Summary

　　Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

　　In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.

　　文章标题问题：经济退化论

　　篇章布局

　　文体 论述文

　　标题问题 经济退化论

　　布局 A段：Yanomam人和曼哈顿人在年支出及库存单元上存在庞大差别

　　B段：先容庞杂顺应体系

　　C段：物资经济经由进程产物出产和产物挑选完成退化

　　D段：经济由下而长停止挑选

　　E段：经济退化论诠释了采猎者若何退化为商业者

　　F段：商业能够或许或许或许自在演变，也能够或许或许或许由更高气力来节制

　　试题阐发

　　Question 1-13

　　标题问题范例：LIST OF HEADINGS

　　题号 定位词 文中对应点 标题问题剖析

　　1 SKUs A段第三句 A段提到SKUs(库存单元)，只是将Yanomam人和曼哈顿人在年支出和库存单元上的差别做了一个比拟，并未申明SKUs是不是能够或许或许或许权衡经济成长程度。

　　是以，本题谜底为 NOT GIVEN。

　　2 Economic evolution C段第三句 C段第三句陈说了作者对经济退化论的观点以后，接上去的内容都是举例，比方，VHS、DVDs、CDs、computer等等。

　　是以，本题谜底为FALSE.

　　3 Economics, evolution B段第三句 B段第三句提到economics和evolution之间的干系是analogous to each other，即两者之间是类比的、类似的，则申明两者有不异的缺点或长处。

　　是以，本题谜底为TRUE。

　　4 Martial actions, trades ,borders E段第二句 E段第二句明白提到where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will。此中goods、frontiers、armies别离对应标题问题中的trades、borders、martial actions。

　　是以，本题谜底为TRUE。

　　5 Invisible hand, market D段第二句 D段第二句提到经济是经由进程看不见的手自下而长停止挑选的，此处的经济指的便是标题问题中的market，原文只提到有“看不见的手”在指点经济，可是并不申明“看不见的手”是指甚么。

　　是以，本题谜底为NOT GIVEN。

　　6 Each field the economy D段第一句 D段第一句的第三个小分句提到，humans also infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy，此处的every aspect of the economy对应题干中的 each field the economy，故能在经济各方面都起到感化的是a top-down government designer，即一个由上而下经心设想的当局。

　　是以，本题谜底为C。

　　7 Pretend, union E段第六句 E段第六句提到，they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting，该句中的mask对应题干的pretend，alliance对应题干的union。原句说他们袒护实在念头追求同盟是经由进程trade和reciprocal feasting，即这两种便是缔盟的体例。Trade对应C选项的the exchange of goods.

　　是以，本题谜底为C。

　　8 Pretend, union E段第六句 E段第六句提到，they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting，该句中的mask对应题干的pretend，alliance对应题干的union。原句说他们袒护实在念头追求同盟是经由进程trade和reciprocal feasting，即这两种便是缔盟的体例。Reciprocal feasting对应E选项的some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation。

　　是以，本题谜底为E。

　　9 Explanations B段第二句 B段第二句提出 the explanation is to be found in complexity theory。

　　是以，本题谜底为complexity theory。

　　10 Relationship B段第三句 B段第三句提出evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other，此处提到退化和经济之间不只仅只是类比干系，对应的便是relationship。

　　是以，本题谜底为evolution and economics。

　　11 Example B段第三句 B段第三句提到，but they(evolution and economics) are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems。该句的forms即对应example.

　　是以，本题谜底为 complex adaptive systems。

　　12 Biological transformation, difference, blend of genes C段第一句 C段第一句提到，in biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes。该句中的biological evolution对应biological transformation，variation对应difference，mixing of parental genes对应blend of genes。

　　是以，本题谜底为random genetic mutations。

　　13 Generating and choosing C段第三句 C段第三句提到，our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products。该句中的production and selection对应generating and choosing。

　　是以，本题谜底为permutations。

　　参考译文：

　　经济退化论

　　A 糊口在巴西和委内瑞拉边境的奥里诺科河滨的Yanomam人，以狩猎为生，他们的均匀年支出约莫为每人每一年90美圆，而住在纽约州和新泽西州边境的哈德逊河滨的曼哈顿人，处置着商业行当，他们的均匀年支出约莫是每人每一年36000美圆。可是，若是用库存单元(SKU目标，该数目的范例的批发产物可用)来权衡，这类400倍的戏剧性差别就显得微缺少道了。估计在300年和100亿年的Yanomam为曼哈顿，一个差的3300万倍!

　　B 这是怎样产生的?经济学家Eric D. Beinhocker在他的相干著述《财产的发源》(哈佛大学商学院出书社，2006年)中颁发了几多文章,以为能够或许或许或许用庞杂性现实来停止诠释。退化和经济之间不只仅只是类比的干系，它们现实上是一种更弘大的景象——庞杂顺应体系的两种情势，该体系中的自力元素和局部彼此感化，尔后停止信息处置以使它们的行动顺应变更的前提。免疫体系，生态体系，说话，法令和互联网都是庞杂性体系利用的例子。

　　C 在生物退化的进程中，天然挑选产生于随机的基因渐变和怙恃基因的组合所产生的变更。庞杂性和多样性便是从这类积累性的挑选进程中产生的。在经济高速成长，咱们的物资经济收益经由进程成千上万的产物出产和挑选的有数的组合完成退化。在曼哈顿村的哪些100亿的产物仅仅代表能够或许或许或许进入市场的变更局部，随之而来的是一个花费者在市场上对其最须要的产物停止积累性挑选的进程。VHS代替了Betamax, DVD代替了VHS, CD代替了塑胶唱片，翻盖式挪动手机代替了年老大，电脑代替了打字机，谷歌代替了前景公司，勾当型多功效车代替了观光桥车，纸质书代替了电子书，收集动静很快将会代替动静播送，这些被采办的商品存活上去并且经由进程反复的利用和出产得以“滋生”。

　　D 就像是活的无机体和生态体系，经济看起来是经心设想出来的——就像是人类自可是然是出自一个松散的聪明的设想师之手，能够或许或许或许懂得的是，一个构造周密的当局几近须要涉足经济的各个方面。可是也恰是像活的无机体是经由进程天然挑选自下而上的一样，经济也是经由进程看不见的手自下而长停止挑选的。 退化和经济之间的对应性并不是完美无缺的，由于须要一些构造周密的法例和法令来保证自在公允的商业能够或许或许或许完成。可是太多的当局干涉干与进入市场使得市场既不能完成自在也谈不上公允，之前停止的这类测验测验就失利了，由于市场远比仅仅是构造周密要庞杂很多，各类身分彼此感化，主动催化。在Ludwig von Mises1922年所写的书《社会主义》中论述了缘由，此中最闻名的要数在有打算的社会主义经济中的“经济核算”。在本钱主义社会中，价钱是不变也疾速勾当的，是由市场上自在的个别互换决议的，价钱是人们用来指点花费挑选的信息。Von Mises指出，社会主义经济依靠于本钱主义经济来决议价钱若安在商品和办事间分派。社会主义这类的价钱决议体例是很累贅且不效力的。绝对自在的市场才是终究独一能晓得花费者但愿花几多钱来采办商品和办事。

　　E 经济退化论有助于诠释Yanomam人作为采猎者是怎样退化成像曼哈顿花费商业者的。十九世纪，法国经济学家Frederic Bastiat很好地总结了此中的道理：“在商品没法逾越的处所，戎行会顶上去。”除是强健的兵士，Yanomam人也是夺目的贩子，并且当他们越多地停止商业，他们所要停止的争斗就越少。缘由在于商业是一个强无力的社会粘合剂，能够或许或许或许产生政治同盟。一个村落的村民不能间接到另外一个村落颁布发表他们正在遭受能够被第三个加倍壮大的村落驯服的动静——如许只会展现出本身的薄弱虚弱。相反，他们经由进程商业和互惠的勾当袒护了本身的想要缔盟的真正念头。从而不只获得了军亊掩护还激起了一种持久增添两边财产和SKU (库存单元)的机制的产生。

　　F 自在和公允的商业产生在社会中大大都人的体例交互供给互惠互利。须要的法则不是崇高的古刹中的智者或是国会的立法者拟定的，而是在写成法令前颠末几代人演变从而被普遍接管和到场的。法令，没能经由进程如许的测试的法令将被疏忽。若是法律过于沉重，就会有人抵挡。可是人类必须交互这个观点必须也是能够或许或许或许由一个更高的气力来节制是通用的。风趣的是，人们不就 “更高的气力”是甚么获得普遍的共鸣。宗教人士以为是遵守神的律法的杰出行动。他们不能设想如许一个有序的社会是无神的。世俗通俗人以为这个气力是当局。他们以为无当局状况是蛮横的代名词。一切人仿佛都赞成这个观点，有序的社会须要一个无所事事的气力。可是，到处有证据标明现实并非如斯。自觉社会次序和社会的无当局状况的一个主要的区分是，前者是在律法和一套演变过去的品德规范之下由任务和投资演变而来的，尔后者是紊乱。古典自在主义传统的冯米塞斯和哈耶克从未宣称完整缺少自上而下的法则会致使最优社会次序，它只是说咱们应当思疑咱们以社会公理，公允或前进的名义办理他们的才能。

　　参考谜底：

　　Version 19110 主题 经济退化论

　　1 NOT GIVEN 2 FALSE 3 TRUE 4 TRUE 5 NOT GIVEN 6 C 7 C 8 E 9 complexity theory

　　10 evolution and economics 11 complex adaptive systems 12 random genetic mutations 13 permutations